Madeliene Leininger

curb Theorist M. Leininger agri elaboration Care possibility nurse Theorist Madeliene Leininger husbandry Care Theory Madeliene Leininger was born in Sutton, atomic number 10 in 1925. In her early life she lived with her brothers and sisters on her fathers farm. She received her high school education from Scholastica College. She fur on that pointd her education at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. and then went to the University of Washington, Seattle. Upon completion of her education she became the for the first time lord nurse to complete a PhD on anthropology.Due to the broader barbel in her education, she became the first to bring knowledge of anthropology and breast feeding together to develop the excogitation of trans heathen treat as an area of study necessary in the nursing field. She substantial the finis Care Diversity and Universality Theory with special focal point at culture dispense. To date, due to the uniqueness of her scene this speculation is characterd across the origination. She developed the theory in 1978 when she launch the first caring look into conference in which she established the ethnonursing method coifing of enquiry.Leininger conducted the first trans heathen study in the field of research in the 1960s while she lived in the Gadsup villages of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. After make her first book in the field of transcultural nursing, she established the first graduate program. In the study, Leininger foc customd at enhancing emic, generic and etic traffical business organization finished establishing their similarities and differences to pr notwithstandingt possible gaps and contraveneing areas which are non therapeutic to nodes. period her prowess in the field of nursing developed, she established the Transcultural Nursing Society as the organization that officially governed the new discipline. This was established in 1974. Afterwards, she established the first journal of transcultural nursing and became the editor. Due to her modernised performance in the discipline of transcultural nursing she has received much honors and outstanding awards. Her significant worldwide uncovering in encouraging forward motion of health discipline has lead to her nomination for a Nobel Prize.Based on the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, Leininger tries to describe and predict similarities in nursing and inherent differences which are focused at human share and cultures. The theory pays no attention to medical symptom, diseases and treatment but focuses on the methods of overture to direction that gives significance to the person to whom the business organisation is given. The theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s to give thrill to wad with cultural differences in lifestyles and set. Training nurses in this field enables them to offer divvy up adequate to the passel being administered.Due to focus on client nurse inter live up t o the approach places the client at a better attitude of receiving better charge and attention than when the medical approach to fright is adopted. The focus is wide enough to serve not lone(prenominal) different ask of individual but to a fault communities, companys, families and institutions (Andrews & Boyle, 2007). Her first model in Culture Care Theory is called the Sunrise Enabler which offers the conceptual framework and guides a taxonomical study to the varied dimensions of the theory.This model is distinct in that it identifies three activities which embarrass identification of the goals of nursing by addressing client oriented consecrates assessing cultural factors touch the care to the client and making appropriate judgment about the land site making decision about the measures to be taken and taking action as enchantd by the cultural context. The model uses information attained through research that identifies areas of congruousness between cultures and nursin g care especially in cultural apprizes, lifestyles and beliefs of the client.In Culture Care Theory, Leininger identifies client caring as the heart of nursing which is unique to the field. While priming this focus, she criticizes the other cardinal nursing concepts of person, environment, nursing and health arguing that nursing is both a work and discipline and therefore the term nursing cannot adequately apologize the phenomenon of nursing. She views the concept of nursing as made of compassion, interest and concern for people. In this, concept care becomes central activity, the dominant and distinct unifying factor.Secondly, she views culturally founded care as useful for good health progress even when a client faces challenges such(prenominal) as handicaps or even when downcast to the level of death. Thirdly, the healing of a client is based on care that is culturally driven and that there is no cure without this nature of care. Fourthly, care that is based on culture is ch aracterized by compness of serve deli genuinely, which is holistic and offers explanation to the areas of commonness between the nursing care practices and the culture of the client (Huber, 2006).Leininger views client care as an activity that occurs deep down a cultural context. She argues that culture is universal and diverse. Due to this, care must adapt to limited patterns of behavior distinguishing each federation from another. According to transcultural scholars culture is idealistic by behavioral issues that are explicitly different from another. Leininger defines culture as the life focuss of an individual or a group with reference to values, beliefs, norms, patterns, and practices (Leininger 1997, 38).She says that culture is an entity of a group of people which is transmitted across generations or across groups of members of the community. Leininger also holds the view that in order for nursing care to be effective, there is need to consider the ethnohistorical facto rs of the client, which hold a great value when examined from the ethnocultural perspectives. The ethnohistorical factors serve well in mind the environmental context which involves the sociopolitical, ecological and cultural setting.In order to effectively make use of the ethnohistory of a community she calls for prissy understanding of past occurrences of an individual and community which in one way or another influences a peoples lifeways. All the environmental factors give sense to the overall meaning of nursing care. The components which influence the theory are represented in the diagram below teachingal factors proficient factors Religious & philosophic factors Kinship & Social factors Environmental Context, Language & ethnohistory ethnic values, beliefs and lifewaysPolitical & Legal factors Economic factors Care expressions patterns & practices Holistic health/ unsoundness and death In the center of care, expressions, patterns and practices is the holistic health or illness or death approach with special focus to individuals, families, groups, communities or institutions founded on generic care, nursing care practices and professional care practices. These three practices of care are closely influenced by different factors 1. Technological factors Technology has been an infixed element in offering nursing care.Development of technology has heighten efficiency in trading operations of nurses across the world. Similarly, the quality of services offered, as well as, the diversity has immensely improved. Application of modern technology enhances operations of nurses especially when the technology is developed in a manner that creates congruence with the cultural values of a detonateicular society. However, if technology does not abide the cultural values of clients society the nursing care offered whitethorn cheat on to succeed as required.Even when there is an attempt to form a congruence of the technology and cultural factors, there may e xist differences within groups, individuals and families. 2. Religious or philosophical concepts Understanding cultural values secure in the peoples religious practices is necessary to enhancing ethnocultural nursing care. crossways the world people view religion as an integral part of their life and seek to form congruence between the religious values and care activities, provided there is room for effectiveness in enhancing a well-preserved society.In addition, philosophical concepts that exist within a society look how the client responds to care. In any(prenominal) instances, the philosophical doctrine may patron develop congruence between the culture and care but in other instances the aspects may act as a deterrent if expeditious measures are not taken into consideration in locateing the inherent gaps and the peoples ideological foundation. Therefore, there is a need to study the philosophical elements of a culture in which the nursing care need is to be offered. 3.Env ironmental factors These include companionable factors and kinship cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways and political and sub judice factors. The social factors include the issues meet the families or members of the community in their day to day activities. These include activities such as rituals and nutritional values. These may act as either a boost to nursing care or a deterrent. For instance, some cultural social practices and beliefs may deter a certain group of a larger society from eating some nutritional components, such as animal proteins.In such situations understanding other essential nutritional components that would offer similar nutritional value and which is allowable within the society can be encouraged. This helps in avoiding conflict of nursing care practices and cultural values. While the cultural and social factors may be conducive in enhancing care, the political factors may act as a deterrent to effective nursing care. This challenge may be based on the p olicy information, which may encourage the society to practice certain aspects of care while preventing others.Policy development may be either based on the cultural values of a society or influenced by the ruling class. Understanding the disparity between the pass judgment rate situation in nursing care and the available opportunities in achieving such a target may be a breakthrough in overcoming political hurdles in the nursing care profession and discipline. 4. Economic factors Delivery of proper nursing care is dependent on the economical potential of a family, community or group of people within a community or a nation.The activities conducted towards effective nursing care have financial implications, some of which might be beyond the capability of many clients. In this case, the target population may bust to access the nursing care services ( subject matter for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, 1994). In other cases, holistic care may be challenged by the m ark of financial sacrifice that individuals may be able to make. The nursing care offered may only be relative to the peoples economic prowess and as a result meeting the care target may be challenging.The community or a nation may also be discouraged in offering the complete nursing care, opting to channel the funds to other development activities. For instance, the ongoing United States across-the-board care debate is a response to a situation whereby only a few people are able to access comprehensive care, either culture care or otherwise, while the large group of the society remains unable to access the care (Leininger, 1991).The need for such comprehensive care has also raised queries on the enlarge of matter spending. 5. Educational factors The level of information available either to the clients or to the culture care specialists may influence the level of delivery of client care. Leininger argues that comprehensive research is necessary in providing information that woul d necessitate filling the gaps between the cultural values or other influencing factor and professional approach to nursing care.In a community where sufficient research is conducted to identify common areas of interest or similarities, the services offered would be in less(prenominal) conflict with the communitys cultural values and thus increase the possibility of holistic approach to client health. Similarly, the level of education of clients would influence the level of adherence to the nursing care practices, which would directly impact on the health of the individuals or community (Leininger, 1991). Increased levels of literacy in culture care among clients and nurses offer a common platform for nursing care service delivery.The culture care theory has to date stood out as the most(prenominal) widely used and established theory used by nurses world wide. According to research on the influence of the theory in development of the nursing profession, many nurses believe that the theory has made the highest level of break-through in enhancing health practices through the 20th century and even getting oft more attention in the 21st century (Bolsher & Pharris, 2008). Leininger gives an example of the occasion that the approach played after the terrible terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 in United States.In the contemporary, there has been increased need to understand factors surrounding the motive behind increased hate which has led to transcultural hatred and subsequent killing of innocent people. Due to this transcultural knowledge for use worldwide has been essential in the care and nursing profession. The theory has been apply in broader and holistic manner in efforts to discover and offers substantial care to clients of different cultures (Leininger, 1991). In advancing the field of research, the theory has provided a stand of research in the fast developing discipline of transcultural nursing.This research has been useful in enriching the discip line with content for which it is gradually transforming the field and profession of nursing. There is progressive change in the nursing practices and thus bestow to a healthier population across cultural divide. Notably so far, the information gained through transcultural research exceed the full use as nurses trained in this field continue to look for more ways of putting the concepts into practices. Interestingly, the theory is further being applied by other nursing theorist to advance a holistic approach to client health (Leininger, 1991).In conclusion, all the components influencing the quality of nursing care are based on the societys cultural and social structural dimensions. This approach to nursing care puts Leininger at a very central position especially so through the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. References Andrews, M. & Boyle, J. (2007). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Bolsher, S. & Pharris, M. (2008). Transfo rming Nursing Education The Culturally Inclusive Environment. Springer Publishing Company.Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care. (1994). The journal of multicultural nursing & health official journal of the Center for the Study of Multiculturalism and Health Care, Inc, Volumes 1-3. Riley Publications. Huber, D. (2006). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Leininger, M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality A theory ofnursing. New York content League for Nursing Press. Leininger, M. (1997). Overview and reflection of the theory of culture care and the ethnonursing research method. Journal of Transcultural Nursing,8(2), 32-51.